Writing Lesson Plans For Lesson Plans - A Few Ideas

Writing Lesson Plans For Lesson Plans - A Few IdeasWhat lessons learned, do you think you can incorporate into your next lesson plan? Although this is a broad statement, it can really be any topic you wish to discuss. Whatever topic you choose, there is usually some way that you can work in a lesson learned in your new lesson plan. Read on to discover more.The first thing to remember is that you should always start your topics from a strong foundation. Focus on the topic of the lesson rather than the relationship between your topic and your essay topic. By starting off with a strong topic you will create a greater possibility of getting your topic picked up by a search engine which will increase your exposure and placement for search engine results in addition to increasing your exposure to free eBook/video downloads.Next you should find out the exact length of your next lesson plan and commit to it. Do not change the plan once it is written. This is not always possible for many reas ons such as a scheduling conflict or job changes which can create issues for you. Always make sure you are sticking to your plan.Now the next step would be to write up your essay topics in order to get started. You could start with the three most prominent topics. You could begin with the story of the course and then move to the chapter titles and finally to the concluding section, this is where the lessons learned will be revealed.If you have one semester that is due or may be due to begin, you could start your planning now. Your plan should include a preliminary keyword search so that you know what keyword phrases you will be using for the essay. You may want to check with one of your classmates or professors to see if they will allow you to use their name in the essay or if they will allow you to use a part of their name.After you know what lesson you want to write an essay about, you should come up with a topic that has similarities to the subject of the lesson. For example, if you are going to write an essay about human anatomy, you can begin with the brain and the central nervous system. Or if you are going to write an essay about being married you can start with the marital vows. Whatever lesson you decide to write your essay about, you can start to narrow down your topic in preparation for writing the essay.The last part of your lesson plan is to write the essay. Once you have begun to write the essay, be sure to work on only the topic you decided upon and keep your essay simple. Be sure that you are only focusing on the topic you chose for your essay and do not stray into the article writing world.

What Solutions Are Possible to the Free Rider Problem, Both Inside and Outside of Government free essay sample

Outline of the Chapter †¢ Bond pricing and sensitivity of bond pricing to interest rate changes †¢ Duration analysis – What is duration? – What determines duration? †¢ Convexity †¢ Passive bond management – Immunization †¢ Active bond management 16-2 Interest Rate Risk †¢ There is an inverse relationship between interest rates (yields) and price of the bonds. †¢ The changes in interest rates cause capital gains or losses. †¢ This makes fixed-income investments risky. 16-3 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) 16-4 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) What factors affect the sensitivity of the bonds to interest rate fluctuations? †¢ Malkiel’s (1962) bond-pricing relationships – Bond prices and yields are inversely related. – An increase in a bond’s YTM results in a smaller price change than a decrease in yield of equal magnitude. – Prices of long-term bonds tend to be more sensitive to interest rat e changes than prices of short-term bonds. 16-5 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) – The sensitivity of bond prices to changes in yields increases at a decreasing rate as maturity increases. We will write a custom essay sample on What Solutions Are Possible to the Free Rider Problem, Both Inside and Outside of Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page – Interest rate risk is inversely related to the bond’s coupon rate. Homer and Liebowitz’s (1972) bond-pricing relationship – The sensitivity of a bond’s price to change in its yield is inversely related to the YTM at which the bond currently is selling. 16-6 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) †¢ Why and how different bond characteristics affect interest rate sensitivity? 16-7 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) †¢ Duration – Macaulay’s duration: the weighted average of the times to each coupon or principal payment made by the bond. †¢ Weight applied to each payment is the present value of the payment divided by the bond price. wt D CFt /(1 y ) t , Bondprice T T wt t 1 1 t * wt t 1 16-8 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) †¢ Example: 16-9 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) – Duration is shorter than maturity for all bonds except zero coupon bonds. – Duration is equal to maturity for zero coupon bonds. †¢ Why duration is important? – Simple summary statistic of the effective average maturity of the portfolio. – Tool for immunizing portfolios from interest rate risk. – Measure of the interest rate sensitivity of a portfolio. 16-10 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) – The long-term bonds are more sensitive to interest rate movements than are short-term bonds. – By using duration we can quantify this relation. P P D (1 y ) 1 y 16-11 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) – Modified Duration: †¢ Measure of the bond’s exposure to changes in interest rates. †¢ The percentage change in bond prices is just the product of modified duration and the change in the bond’s yield to maturity. †¢ Note that the equations are only approximately valid for large changes in the bond’s yield. D* P P (1 D /(1 D* y) y) y y 16-12 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) †¢ What determines Duration? – The duration of a zero-coupon bond equals its time to maturity. – Holding maturity constant, a bond’s duration is higher when the coupon rate is lower. Holding the coupon rate constant, a bond’s duration generally increases with its time to maturity. †¢ For zero-coupon bonds the maturity=the duration †¢ For coupon bonds duration increases by less than a year with a year’s increase in maturity. 16-13 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) – Ho lding other factors constant, the duration of a coupon bond is higher when the bond’s yield to maturity is lower. †¢ At lower yields the more distant payments made by the bond have relatively greater present values and account for a greater share of the bond’s total value. The duration of a level perpetuity is equal to: (1+y) / y †¢ The PV-weighted CFs early on in the life of the perpetuity dominate the computation of duration. 16-14 Interest Rate Risk (Continued) 16-15 Convexity †¢ By employing the duration concept we can analyse the impact of interest rate changes on bond prices. – The percentage change in the value of a bond approximately equals the product of modified duration times the change in the bond’s yield. – However if this formula were exactly correct then the graph of the percentage change in bond prices as a function of the change in ts yield would be a straight line, with a slope D*. 16-16 Convexity (Continued) †¢ The duration rule is a good approximation for small changes in bond yields. †¢ The duration approximation always understates the value of the bond. †¢ It underestimates the increase in price when yields fall. †¢ It overestimates the decline in prices when yields rise. †¢Due to the curvature of the true price-yield relationshipconvexity 16-17 Convexity (Continued) †¢ Convexity is the rate of change of the slope of the price-yield curve, expressed as a fraction of the bond price. Higher convexity refers to higher curvature in the price-yield relationship. – The convexity of noncallable bonds are usually positive. – The slope of the cuve that shows the price-yield relation increases at higher yields. Convexity 1 P (1 y ) 2 n t 1 CFt (t 2 t ) (1 y )t 16-18 Convexity (Continued) †¢ We can improve the duration approximation for bond price changes by taking into account for convexity. †¢ The new equation becomes: P P D y 1 [Convexity ( y ) 2 ] 2 †¢ The convexity becomes more important when potential interest rate changes are larger. 16-19 Convexity (Continued) †¢ Why convexity is important? †¢ In the figure bond A is more convex than bond B. †¢The price increases are more in A when interest rates fall. †¢The price decreases are less in A when interest rates rise. 16-20 †¢ Callable Bonds Convexity (Continued) – When interest rates are high the curve is convex. The price-yield curve lies above the tangency line estimated by the duration approximation. – When interest rates are low the curve is negative convex (concave). The priceyield curve lies beolw the tangency line. 16-21 Convexity (Continued) In the region of negative convexity the price-yield curve exhibits an unattractive asymmetry. †¢ Increase in interest rates causes a larger price decline than the price gain due to the decrease in interest rates. †¢ Bondholders are compensated with lower prices and higher yields. – Effective Duration Effectiveduration P/P r 16-22 Convexity (Continued) †¢ Macaulayâ₠¬â„¢s Duration – The weighted average of the time until receipt of each bond payment. †¢ Modified Duration – Macaulay’s duration divided by (1+y). – Percentage change in bond price per change in yield. †¢ Effective Duration Percentage change in bond price per change in market interest rates. 16-23 Convexity (Continued) †¢ Mortgage-Backed securities – In a sense similar to callable bonds-subject to negative convexity. – If mortgage rates decrease then homeowners may decide to take a new loan at lower rate and pay the principal for the first mortgage. – Thus there is a ceiling for the bond price written on these mortgage loans as in callable bonds. 16-24 Passive Bond Management †¢ Passive managers take bond prices as fairly set and try to control only the risk of their fixed-income portfolio. Indexing Strategy – Attempts to replicate the performance of a given bond index. – A bond-index portfolio will h ave the same risk-reward profile as the bond market index to which it is tied. †¢ Immunization Strategy – Designed to shield the overall financial status of the institution from exposure to interest rate fluctuations. – Try to establish a zero-risk profile, in which interest rate movements have no impact on the value of the firm. 16-25 Passive Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Bond-Index Funds – Form a portfolio that mirrors the composition of an index that measures the broad market. The major bond indexes in USA are Lehman Aggregate Bond Index, Salomon Smith Barney Broad Investment Grade (BIG) Index, and Merill Lynch U. S. Broad Market Index. – They are market-value weighted indexes of total return. They include government, corporate, mortgage backed, and Yankee bonds with maturity over a year. 16-26 Passive Bond Management (Continued) – They are not easy to replicate however: †¢ There are more than 5000 securities. †¢ Rebalancing problems †¢ Immunization – Banks and pension funds in general try to protect their portfolios from interest rate risk altogether. Banks try to protect the current net worth (net market value) of the firm against interest rate fluctuations. – Pension funds try to protect the future value of their portfolios since they have an obligation to make payments after several years. 16-27 Passive Bond Management (Continued) – Interest rate exposure of the assets and the liabilites should match so the value of assets will follow the value of liabilities whether rates rise or fall. – Duration-matched assets and liabilities let the asset potfolio meet firm’s obligations despite interest rate movements. 16-28 Passive Bond Management (Continued) – What if interest rates change and the duration of the assets and liabilites do not match? †¢ If interest rates increase the fund (asset) the firm has will suffer a capital loss which can affect its ability to meet the firm’s obligations (liabilities). †¢ But the reinvestment rate for the coupon payments will increase so the reinvested coupons will grow at a faster rate. †¢ There will be two offsetting types of interest rate risk: price risk and reinvestment rate risk. – If the durations match, the price risk and reinvestment risk will cancel out each other. 6-29 Passive Bond Management (Continued) †¢ The solid red curve shows the accumulated value of bonds if interest rates remain at 8%. †¢ If interest rates increase at time=t* then the initial impact is capital loss but this loss is offset later by the faster growth rate of reinvested funds. †¢ At the duration time two effects cancel out each ot her. 16-30 Passive Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Graph of the PV of the bond and the zero-coupon obligation as a function of interest rate. †¢ For small changes in interest rates the changes in assets and liabilities are same. For greater changes the curves diverge. †¢ Why? †¢ Convexity †¢The asset and liability are not duration-matched across different interest rates. 16-31 Passive Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Rebalancing immunized portfolios: – As the duration of the assets and liabilities may change because of interest rate fluctuations the portfolio managers have to rebalance their portfolios to match the durations. – Also duration changes with the passage of time. †¢ As time passes the duration of the assets and liabilities will change at different rates. 16-32 Passive Bond Management (Continued) Cash Flow Matching – Buying a zero coupon bond that provides a payment in an amount exactly sufficient to cover the projected cash outlay. †¢ Dedication Strategy – Cash flow matching on a multiperiod basis. – The manager selects either zero-coupon or coupon bonds that provide total cash flows in each period that matches the series of obligations. – Advantage: It is once-and-for-all approach and eliminates the interest rate risk. 16-33 Passive Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Problems of Immunization – In the general duration formula the weights are computed by discounting CFs with the same YTM. If YTM differs than for each CF a present value has to be calculated by using appropriate rate. – Immunization only makes sense for nominal liabilities. †¢ If your future obligation depends on the future inflation you can not immunize it by buying an asset with fixed-income (not indexed). 16-34 Active Bond Management †¢ Finding mispriced securities, especially underpriced ones †¢ Forecasting interest rates – If the decline in interest rates are anticipated the managers will increase the duration of their asset portfolios. – Homer and Liebowitz (1972) characterize portfolio rebalancing activities. 16-35 Active Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Substitution swap – It is an exchange of one bond for another with equal coupon, maturity, quality, call features, sinking fund provisions, and so on. – Motivated by a belief that the market has temporarily mispriced two bonds. †¢ Intermarket spread swap – It is an exchange of bonds when an investor believes that the yield spread between two sectors of the bond market is temporarily out of line. 16-36 Active Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Rate anticipated swap – The investors swap shorter duration bonds with the longer duration ones since they believe that interest rates will decrease. Pure yield pickup swap – The investors swap longer-term bonds with the shorter-term bond when yield curve is upward sloping. 16-37 Active Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Horizon Analysis – Form of interest rate forecasting – The analyst selects a particular holding period and predicts the yield cur ve at end of period – Given a bond’s time to maturity at the end of the holding period its yield can be read from the predicted yield curve and the end-of-period price can be calculated. – The total return over the period is computed as adding the capital gain and coupon income for the holding period. 16-38 Active Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Contingent Immunization – Mixed passive and active strategy. – You have to calculate the funds required to lock in via immunization. – This value is trigger point. – If and when the actual portfolio value dips to the trigger point, active management will cease. 16-39 Active Bond Management (Continued) †¢ Panel A: the portfolio falls in value and hits the trigger at time t* then the immunization strategy pursued and portfolio rises to planned terminal value. †¢ Panel B: the portfolio never reaches the trigger point and is worth more than the planned terminal value. 16-40

Bounty Land Warrants From 1775 to 1885

Bounty Land Warrants From 1775 to 1885 Bounty land warrants were grants of free land issued to veterans in return for military service from the time of the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Revolutionary War through 1855 in the United States. They contained the surrendered warrant, a letter of assignment if the warrant was transferred to another individual, and other papers pertaining to the transaction. What Are Bounty Land Warrants in Detail Bounty land is a grant of free land from a government given to citizens as a reward for service to their country, generally for military-related service. Most bounty-land warrants in the United States were given to veterans or their survivors for wartime military service performed between 1775 and 3 March 1855. This includes veterans who served in the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mexican War. Bounty land warrants werent automatically issued to every veteran who served. The veteran first had to apply for a warrant and then, if the warrant was granted, he could use the warrant to apply for a land patent. The land patent is the document which granted him ownership of the land. Bounty land warrants could also be transferred or sold to other individuals.   They were also used as a way to provide evidence of military service, especially in cases where a veteran or his widow did not apply for a pension How They Were Awarded Revolutionary War bounty land warrants were first awarded through an  act of Congress on 16 September 1776. They were last awarded for military service in 1858, although the ability to claim bounty land previously earned extended until 1863. A few claims that were tied up in the courts caused lands to be granted as late as 1912. What You Can Learn From Bounty Land Warrants A bounty land warrant application for a veteran of the Revolutionary War, War of 1812 or the Mexican War will include the individuals rank, military unit and period of service. It will also generally provide his age and place of residence at the time of application. If the application was made by the surviving widow, it will usually include her age, place of residence, the date and place of marriage, and her maiden name. Accessing Bounty Land Warrants Federal bounty land warrants are kept at the National Archives in Washington D.C. and can be requested through the mail on NATF Form 85 (Military Pension/Bounty Land Warrant Applications) or ordered online.

Racial and Gender Discrimination and Sterilization Essay

Racial and Gender Discrimination and Sterilization - Essay Example Eugenic sterilization is the process of performing forceful human sterilization on individuals who have been diagnosed with mental diseases or insanities such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, feeblemindedness, or epilepsy (Myerson, Ayer and Putnam 82–136). The main purpose of performing eugenic sterilization is to prevent the increase in the population of those individuals who have defective genes that can be inherited by their future children and who do not possess the self-control necessary to ensure children are not conceived. As an effective prevention method for unwanted pregnancies, the preservation of social standing of people who belong to upper- and middle-class families, and a permanent control over the rapid family growth of people in the lower-class societies (Revenel), men and women in the United States have been either given the option or forced to participate in one of two procedures – either tubal ligation (the cutting of fallopian tubes in women) or vasectomy (the cutting of vas deferens in men) since the 1900s (Myerson, Ayer and Putnam; Revenel). At the same time, it has been commonly reported that most African Americans experience racism and prejudice when it comes to receiving health care services throughout the United States (Benkert and Peters; Gamble; Krieger and Fee). To prove that gender and racial discrimination in forced human sterilization have existed since the early 1900s, a literature review will be gathered to examine the medical practices that took place in California and the United States during this time period. Based on the gathered evidence, it is expected to be discovered whether the controversy behind the issue of gender and racial discrimination in forced human sterilization still exists in the United States today.

Assault Weapons in America Issue Research Paper

Assault Weapons in America Issue - Research Paper Example The research and study on this issue will help in the understanding of the meaning of assault weapons and their features, and the connection to human assault and killings in the United States of America. The research is also important in exploring the measures taken by the American federal government in countering the use of assault rifles, in addition to public opinion and support on the same. The research also objects at exploring the set up legislations for prohibition of importation, ownership, transportation and use of assault weapons. There is also an exploration of the most affected states in America, and their respective state bans on assault rifles. The history of assault rifles in the United States is also a core objective of this research study to provide extra information about assault rifles for a better understanding.On 13th September, 1994, the American Congress adopted the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 that prohibited the manufacturing, transpo rtation or possession of assault weapons. This Act was an amendment of the Gun Control Act of 1968. Though this Act was critical in controlling the manufacture, possession and use of assault weapons, there were specifics of firearms, shotguns and pistols that had at least two specified features (United States, 2009). These specifications created a large loophole for the manufacturers to circumvent the law by modifying the already produced weapons, since the Act applied only to weapons manufactured. after the enactment (Gaines & Kappeler, 2011). This created a loophole for manufacturers to circumvent the law through modifications, and continued transportation of

Essential Aspects of Pantomime

Essential Aspects of Pantomime What were the essential aspects of pantomime and how have they come down to us in the present day? Although it is currently most commonly seen as a peculiarly British pastime, pantomime in fact has its origins in the medieval period of European history (Lathan, 2004). Specifically in terms of tradition and heritage, pantomime as it is known today emanates from Italy and the Commedia ‘dell Arte. This Italian street festival was akin to a carnival and it managed to combine elements of parody, drama and the aesthetically grotesque in order to create a unique fusion of art and farce. The characters tended to improvise their way through a set of well‑known plots, which involved a great deal of song and dance being integrated into the Commedia ‘dell Arte routine. These medieval festivals travelled through the towns and cities of Italy and then France in the Middle Ages, which helped to create an air of familiarity between the performers and the audience who would take part in the show. This is without a doubt the most significant tradition that has survived through to the modern era whereby the audiences of contemporary pantomime are expected to know the plot and the main characters and to take part in the proceedings at designated intervals within the script. As the quotation below suggests, this marriage between the performers and the audience has been an essential part of the longevity of the pantomime because of the way in which it managed to transcend historical divisions between classes. â€Å"All were considered equal during carnival. Here, in the town square, a special form of free and familiar contact reigned among people who were usually divided by the barriers of caste, property, profession, and age.† (Bakhtin, 1993:10) The existence of a stock set of characters and plots is likewise a historical tradition of European festivals that have managed to survive in the guise of the pantomime. There are only a handful of productions that are classed as pantomime in the modern era and these productions are almost always played exclusively during the festive Christmas period, which is another connection to its carnival past. ‘Snow White’, ‘Cinderella’, ‘Aladdin’, ‘Dick Whittington’ and ‘Babes in the Wood’ are high profile examples of the pantomime titles that are produced each and every year in the UK. This deep-seated sense of repetition is an important part of the pantomime tradition as it continues the dominant theme of the medieval period, which was to breed familiarity in order to secure the participation of the audience in the plot of the play. â€Å"Magic, romance, suspense and comedy are the lifeblood of most theatre performance, but there is one factor of our pantomime tradition that exists in no other theatre production. The audience has learnt its lines and rehearsing its roles every Christmas since early childhood. Every English speaking person knows that ‘Oh No, its not!’ should be answered with ‘Oh Yes, it is!’ And that villains must be booed and hissed as they lay their evil plots.† (Bicat et al, 2004:9) Furthermore, these well‑know stories that constitute the foundations of the pantomime tradition all have their roots in fairy tales, which helps to further simplify the plot and aid audience participation. Traditionally, pantomimes require a battle between good and evil. The villain has historically always been the first actor to appear on stage and always to the left, which was used to donate hell in the Middle Ages. Conversely, the hero is supposed to appear on stage from the right – the manifestation of heaven in the past. Although the remainder of the pantomime production tends to descend into farce and improvisation, these central precepts remain an integral part of the festival in the modern era with plays overseeing a duel of good versus evil before inexorably concluding with the ultimate triumph of the hero over the villain. As time passed, pantomime was inevitably influenced by the evolution of mainstream theatre and it gradually took its place as an annual spectacle to operate alongside regular theatre productions. The two (theatre and pantomime) were especially closely linked during the Restoration period (1660‑1700) when the farce of pantomime was facsimiled in the most popular plays of the age. In the process, pantomime has had to move away from the notion of an almost entirely ad hoc, ad lib production into a more formal, organised play that is able to be divided into visible scenes and segments with a running time that is in line with the lifestyles of the contemporary audience. Thus, while it is correct to underscore the inherent differences between the festive, annual element of pantomime and the intrinsically more philosophical components of mainstream and high‑brow drama, there is no longer a sense that two completely different sets of rules apply. This is an important point and one that is all too often overlooked in the analysis of modern day incarnations of the pantomime. The most pronounced change prevalent in contemporary versions of traditional pantomime resides is the way in which productions are increasingly linked with young children. Whereas the adult section of the local townspeople would have constituted the overwhelming majority of the audience in previous centuries, there is today an association between the infantile and pantomime that is a central reason as to why pantomimes have been able to survive for so long in such a commercially aggressive contemporary economic climate. Without the active participation of children it is doubtful whether pantomimes would be able to entice the requisite audiences necessary to make a profit for the impresarios. Of much greater importance, without the festive childhood memories that pantomime bequeaths, much of the interest that remains in its tradition would more than likely begin to disappear. One thing is, however, for sure. Though pantomimes remain rooted in their medieval past, they will never lose their relevance to the contemporary audience as the list of modern‑day celebrities who have taken part in productions in recent years underscores. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bakhtin, M. (Translated by Helene Iswolsky) (1993) Rabelais and His World Bloomington: Indiana University Press Bicat, T., Staines, R. and Winslow, C. (2004) Pantomime: A Practical Guide Marlborough: The Crowood Press Frow, G. (1985) Oh Yes it is! : A History of Pantomime London: BBC Books Lathan, P. (2004) It’s Behind You! The Story of Panto London: New Holland Wilson, A.E. (1974) The Story of Pantomime London: Rowman Littlefield

Satanism :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SATANISM When people think of Satanism or anything to do with that subject, they think of evil. People who sacrifice animals, do all sorts of drugs, murderers etc. But Satanism is completely different from what people may perceive it as. Satanism is actually a religion based on finding yourself and following a moral code other than the one society has made. Satanism goes back to ancient times before the birth of Jesus Christ any of the Gods that people worship today. The religion is spreading and is gaining popularity, not just as devil worshippers, but also as a religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satanism is derived from the ancient Egyptian God Set, who is the Prince of Darkness. This God goes back before any of the dynasties were brought. There has been pictures that have dated back to 3200B.C. And inscriptions that date back to 5000B.C. Set is not like the image of Satan, but more of a figure of richness, subtlety and complexity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first cult began at the eastern Nile Delta and quickly spread to the borders of Egypt and Libya. Set can also be found in the Great Pyramid of Giza. It has a connection with the Setian afterlife and the solar life. Later, in the fourth dynasty Setian worship died down because of the start of solar worship. Setians’ started up again around 2000 to 1500B.C. The leader of Egypt Hyksos identified himself with Set.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pharaohs of Egypt declared Set as being mighty. Set represents the individual who through his own hard work, magical skill, and the use of the resistance of the world becomes divine (www.xeper.org). Set was almost destroyed when Christianity took over and identified Set as the modern Satan. And then bloomed during Greek time and spread as far as Great Britain. Then in 1975 the Temple of Set was founded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Temple of Set the only followers are philosophers and magicians. The people with the most power in the temple are called the power of nine which include the High Priest of Set and the Executive Director. Priest/ Priestess, Adept, Magister/ Magistra, Magus/ Maga, and Ipsissimus/ Ipsissima. Adept means that a person has mastered the art of black magic. Priests are the ones who keep the integrity of the temple. They can recognize a person for his excellence or they can expel someone for not maintaining Setian morals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setians’ must be with the temple for a year before they can receive higher positions, most of them just stay as priests, but a few number make it to High Priests.